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GIMP (/ɡɪmp/GHIMP; GNU Image Manipulation Program) is a free and open-sourceraster graphics editor^[4] used for image retouching and editing, free-form drawing, converting between different image formats, and more specialized tasks.

GIMP is released under GPLv3+ licenses and is available for Linux, macOS, and Microsoft Windows.

• 2Development
• 3Distribution
• 7Forks and derivatives

History[edit]

GIMP was originally released as the General Image Manipulation Program.^[5] In 1995 Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis began developing GIMP as a semester-long project at the University of California, Berkeley for the eXperimental Computing Facility. In 1996 GIMP (0.54) was released as the first publicly available release.^[6][7] In the following year Richard Stallman visited UC Berkeley where Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis asked if they could change General to GNU (the name given to the operating system created by Stallman).^[8] Richard Stallman approved and the definition of the acronym GIMP was changed to be the GNU Image Manipulation Program. This reflected its new existence as being developed as Free Software as a part of the GNU Project.^[9]

The number of computer architectures and operating systems supported has expanded significantly since its first release. The first release supported UNIX systems, such as Linux, SGIIRIX and HP-UX.^[5][10] Since the initial release, GIMP has been ported to many operating systems, including Microsoft Windows and macOS; the original port to the Windows 32-bit platform was started by Finnish programmer Tor M. Lillqvist (tml) in 1997 and was supported in the GIMP 1.1 release.^[10]

Following the first release, GIMP was quickly adopted and a community of contributors formed. The community began developing tutorials, artwork and shared better work-flows and techniques.^[11]

A GUI toolkit called GTK (GIMP tool kit) was developed to facilitate the development of GIMP. GTK was replaced by its successor GTK+ after being redesigned using object-oriented programming techniques. The development of GTK+ has been attributed to Peter Mattis becoming disenchanted with the Motif toolkit GIMP originally used; Motif was used up until GIMP 0.60.^[7][12]

Development[edit]

GIMP is primarily developed by volunteers as a free and open source software project associated with both the GNU and GNOME Projects. Development takes place in a public gitsource code repository,^[13] on public mailing lists and in public chat channels on the GIMPNET IRC network.^[14]

New features are held in public separate source code branches and merged into the main (or development) branch when the GIMP team is sure they won't damage existing functions.^[13] Sometimes this means that features that appear complete do not get merged or take months or years before they become available in GIMP.

GIMP itself is released as source code. After a source code release installers and packages are made for different operating systems by parties who might not be in contact with the maintainers of GIMP.

The version number used in GIMP is expressed in a major-minor-micro format, with each number carrying a specific meaning: the first (major) number is incremented only for major developments (and is currently 2). The second (minor) number is incremented with each release of new features, with odd numbers reserved for in-progress development versions and even numbers assigned to stable releases; the third (micro) number is incremented before and after each release (resulting in even numbers for releases, and odd numbers for development snapshots) with any bug fixes subsequently applied and released for a stable version.

Each year GIMP applies for several positions in the Google Summer of Code (GSoC);^[15][16] to date GIMP has participated in all years except 2007.^[17] From 2006 to 2009 there have been nine GSoC projects that have been listed as successful,^[15] although not all successful projects have been merged into GIMP immediately. The healing brush and perspective clone tools and Ruby bindings were created as part of the 2006 GSoC and can be used in version 2.8.0 of GIMP, although there were three other projects that were completed and are later available in a stable version of GIMP; those projects being Vector Layers (end 2008 in 2.8 and master),^[18] and a JPEG 2000 plug-in (mid 2009 in 2.8 and master).^[19] Several of the GSoC projects were completed in 2008, but have been merged into a stable GIMP release later in 2009 to 2014 for Version 2.8.xx and 2.9.x. Some of them needed some more code work for the master tree.

Second public Development 2.9-Version was 2.9.4 with many deep improvements after initial Public Version 2.9.2 ^[20][21] Third Public 2.9-Development version is Version 2.9.6.^[22] One of the new features is removing the 4GB size limit of XCF file.^[23][24] Increase of possible threads to 64 is also an important point for modern parallel execution in actual AMD Ryzen and Intel Xeon processors. Version 2.9.8 included many bug fixes and improvements in gradients and clips.^[25] Improvements in performance and optimization beyond bug hunting were the development targets for 2.10.0.^[26] MacOS Beta is available with Version 2.10.4 ^[27]

The next stable version in the roadmap is 3.0 with a GTK3 port.^[28]

User interface[edit]

The user interface of GIMP is designed by a dedicated design and usability team. This team was formed after the developers of GIMP signed up to join the OpenUsability project.^[29] A user interface brainstorming group has since been created for GIMP,^[30][31] where users of GIMP can send in their suggestions as to how they think the GIMP user interface could be improved.

GIMP is presented in two forms, single and multiple window mode;^[32] GIMP 2.8 defaults to the multiple-window mode. In multiple-window mode a set of windows contains all GIMP's functionality. By default, tools and tool settings are on the left and other dialogues are on the right.^[33] A layers tab is often to the right of the tools tab, and allows a user to work individually on separate image layers. Layers can be edited by right-clicking on a particular layer to bring up edit options for that layer. The tools tab and layers tab are the most common dockable tabs.

Libre Graphics Meetings[edit]

The Libre Graphics Meeting (LGM) is a yearly event where developers of GIMP and other projects meet up to discuss issues related to free and open-source graphics software. The GIMP developers hold birds of a feather (BOF) sessions at this event.

Distribution[edit]

The current version of GIMP works with numerous operating systems, including Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows. Many Linux distributions include GIMP as a part of their desktop operating systems, including Fedora and Debian.

The GIMP website links to binary installers compiled by Jernej Simončič for the platform.^[34]MacPorts was listed as the recommended provider of Mac builds of GIMP,^[35] but this is no longer needed as version 2.8.2 and later run natively on macOS.^[36] GTK+ was originally designed to run on an X11 server. Because macOS can optionally use an X11 server, porting GIMP to macOS is simpler compared to creating a Windows port. GIMP is also available as part of the Ubuntu noroot package from the Google Play Store on Android.^[37] In November 2013, GIMP removed its download from SourceForge, citing misleading download buttons that potentially confuse customers, as well as SourceForge's own Windows installer, which bundles potentially unwanted programs. In a statement, GIMP called SourceForge a once 'useful and trustworthy place to develop and host FLOSS applications' that now faces 'a problem with the ads they allow on their sites ...'^[38][39][40]

Sourceforge controversy[edit]

GIMP, who discontinued their use of SourceForge as a download mirror in November 2013,^[38][41] reported in May 2015 that SourceForge was hosting infected versions of their Windows binaries on their Open Source Mirror directory.^[42][43]

Professional reviews[edit]

Lifewire reviewed GIMP favorably in March 2019, writing that '(f)or those who have never experienced Photoshop, GIMP is simply a very powerful image manipulation program,' and '(i)f you're willing to invest some time learning it, it can be a very good graphics tool.'^[44]

GIMP's fitness for use in professional environments is regularly reviewed; it is often compared to and suggested as a possible replacement for Adobe Photoshop.^[45][46] GIMP has similar functionality to Photoshop, but has a different user interface.^[47]

GIMP 2.6 was used to create nearly all of the art in Lucas the Game, an independent video game by developer Timothy Courtney. Courtney started development of Lucas the Game in early 2014, and the video game was published in July 2015 for PC and Mac. Courtney explains GIMP is a powerful tool, fully capable of large professional projects, such as video games. ^[48]

The single-window mode introduced in GIMP 2.8 was reviewed in 2012 by Ryan Paul of Ars Technica, who noted that it made the user experience feel 'more streamlined and less cluttered'.^[49] Michael Burns, writing for Macworld in 2014, described the single-window interface of GIMP 2.8.10 as a 'big improvement'.^[50]

In his review of GIMP for ExtremeTech in October 2013, David Cardinal noted that GIMP's reputation of being hard to use and lacking features has 'changed dramatically over the last couple years', and that it was 'no longer a crippled alternative to Photoshop'. He described GIMP's scripting as one of its strengths, but also remarked that some of Photoshop's features – such as Text, 3D commands, Adjustment Layers and History – are either less powerful or missing in GIMP. Cardinal favorably described the UFRaw converter for raw images used with GIMP, noting that it still 'requires some patience to figure out how to use those more advanced capabilities'. Cardinal stated that GIMP is 'easy enough to try' despite not having as well developed documentation and help system as those for Photoshop, concluding that it 'has become a worthy alternative to Photoshop for anyone on a budget who doesn’t need all of Photoshop’s vast feature set'.^[51]

Mascot[edit]

Wilber is the official GIMP mascot. Wilber has relevance outside of GIMP as a racer in SuperTuxKart and was displayed on the Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France) as part of Project Blinkenlights.^[52][53][54]

Wilber was created at some time before 25 September 1997 by Tuomas Kuosmanen (tigert) and has since received additional accessories and a construction kit to ease the process.^[55]

Features[edit]

Tools used to perform image editing can be accessed via the toolbox, through menus and dialogue windows. They include filters and brushes, as well as transformation, selection, layer and masking tools.

ColorThere are several ways of selecting colors, including palettes, color choosers and using an eyedropper tool to select a colour on the canvas. The built-in color choosers include RGB/HSV selector or scales, water-color selector, CMYK selector and a color-wheel selector. Colors can also be selected using hexadecimal color codes as used in HTML color selection. GIMP has native support for indexed colour and RGB color spaces; other color spaces are supported using decomposition where each channel of the new color space becomes a black-and-white image. CMYK, LAB and HSV (hue, saturation, value) are supported this way.^[56][57] Color blending can be achieved using the Blend tool, by applying a gradient to the surface of an image and using GIMP's color modes. Gradients are also integrated into tools such as the brush tool, when the user paints this way the output color slowly changes. There are a number of default gradients included with GIMP; a user can also create custom gradients with tools provided. Gradient plug-ins are also available.

Selections and pathsGIMP selection tools include a rectangular and circular selection tool, free select tool, and fuzzy select tool (also known as magic wand). More advanced selection tools include the select by color tool for selecting contiguous regions of color—and the scissors select tool, which creates selections semi-automatically between areas of highly contrasting colors. GIMP also supports a quick mask mode where a user can use a brush to paint the area of a selection. Visibly this looks like a red colored overlay being added or removed. The foreground select tool is an implementation of Simple Interactive Object Extraction (SIOX) a method used to perform the extraction of foreground elements, such as a person or a tree in focus. The Paths Tool allows a user to create vectors (also known as Bézier curves). Users can use paths to create complex selections, including around natural curves. They can paint (or 'stroke') the paths with brushes, patterns, or various line styles. Users can name and save paths for reuse.

Image editingThere are many tools that can be used for editing images in GIMP. The more common tools include a paint brush, pencil, airbrush, eraser and ink tools used to create new or blended pixels. The Bucket Fill tool can be used to fill a selection with a color or pattern. The Blend tool can be used to fill a selection with a color gradient. These color transitions can be applied to large regions or smaller custom path selections.

GIMP also provides 'smart' tools that use a more complex algorithm to do things that otherwise would be time consuming or impossible. These include:

• Clone tool, which copies pixels using a brush
• Healing brush, which copies pixels from an area and corrects tone and color
• Perspective clone tool, which works like the clone tool but corrects for distance changes
• Blur and sharpen tool blurs and sharpens using a brush
• The Smudge tool can be used to subtly smear a selection where it stands.
• Dodge and burn tool is a brush that makes target pixels lighter (dodges) or darker (burns)

Layers, layer masks and channelsAn image being edited in GIMP can consist of many layers in a stack. The user manual suggests that 'A good way to visualize a GIMP image is as a stack of transparencies,' where in GIMP terminology, each transparency is a layer.^[58] Each layer in an image is made up of several channels. In an RGB image, there are normally 3 or 4 channels, each consisting of a red, green and blue channel. Color sublayers look like slightly different gray images, but when put together they make a complete image. The fourth channel that may be part of a layer is the alpha channel (or layer mask). This channel measures opacity where a whole or part of an image can be completely visible, partially visible or invisible. Each layer has a layer mode that can be set to change the colors in the image.^[59]

Text layers can be created using the text tool, allowing a user to write on an image. Text layers can be transformed in several ways, such as converting them to a path or selection.^[60][61]

Automation, scripts and plug-insGIMP has approximately 150 standard effects and filters, including Drop Shadow, Blur, Motion Blur and Noise.

GIMP operations can be automated with scripting languages. The Script-Fu is a Scheme-based language implemented using a TinyScheme interpreter built into GIMP.^[62] GIMP can also be scripted in Perl,^[63][64]Python (Python-Fu),^[65][66] or Tcl, using interpreters external to GIMP.^[67] New features can be added to GIMP not only by changing program code (GIMP core), but also by creating plug-ins. These are external programs that are executed and controlled by the main GIMP program.^[68][69] MathMap is an example of a plug-in written in C.

There is support for several methods of sharpening and blurring images, including the blur and sharpen tool. The unsharp mask tool is used to sharpen an image selectively — it sharpens only those areas of an image that are sufficiently detailed. The Unsharp Mask tool is considered to give more targeted results for photographs than a normal sharpening filter.^[70][71] The Selective Gaussian Blur tool works in a similar way, except it blurs areas of an image with little detail.

GEGLThe Generic Graphics Library (GEGL) was first introduced as part of GIMP on the 2.6 release of GIMP. This initial introduction does not yet exploit all of the capabilities of GEGL; as of the 2.6 release, GIMP can use GEGL to perform high bit-depth color operations; because of this less information is lost when performing color operations.^[72] When GEGL is fully integrated, GIMP will have a higher color bit depth and better non-destructive work-flow. GIMP 2.8.xx supports only 8-bit of color, which is much less than what e.g. digital cameras produce (12-bit or more). Full support for high bit depth is included with new actual Gimp 2.10 version. For accelerations OpenCL is available for some operations.^[73]

File formatsGIMP supports importing and exporting with a large number of different file formats,^[74] GIMP's native format XCF is designed to store all information GIMP can contain about an image; XCF is named after the eXperimental Computing Facility where GIMP was authored. Import and export capability can be extended to additional file formats by means of plug-ins. XCF file size is extended to more than 4 GB since 2.9.6 and new stable tree 2.10.x.

Forks and derivatives[edit]

Because of the free and open-source nature of GIMP, several forks, variants and derivatives of the computer program have been created to fit the needs of their creators. While GIMP is available for popular operating systems, variants of GIMP may be OS-specific. These variants are neither hosted nor linked on the GIMP site. The GIMP site does not host GIMP builds for Windows or Unix-like operating systems either, although it does include a link to a Windows build.

Well-known variants include:

• CinePaint: Formerly Film Gimp, it is a fork of GIMP version 1.0.4, used for frame-by-frame retouching of feature film. CinePaint supports up to 32-bit IEEE-floating point color depth per channel, as well as color management and HDR. CinePaint is used primarily within the film industry due mainly to its support of high-fidelity image formats. It is available for BSD, Linux, and macOS.
• GIMP classic: A patch^[76] against GIMP v2.6.8 source code created to undo changes made to the user interface in GIMP v2.4 through v2.6. A build of GIMP classic for Ubuntu is available.^[77] As of March 2011, a new patch could be downloaded that patches against the experimental GIMP v2.7.
• GIMP Portable: A portable version of GIMP for Microsoft Windows XP or later that preserves brushes and presets between computers^[78]
• GIMPshop: Derivative that aim to replicate the Adobe Photoshop in some form.^{[citation needed]} Development of GIMPshop was halted in 2006 and the project disavowed by the developer, Scott Moschella, after an unrelated party registered 'GIMPshop' as part of an Internet domain name and passed off the website as belonging to Moschella while accepting donations and making revenue from advertising but passing on none of the income to Moschella
• GimPhoto: GimPhoto^[79] follows the Photoshop-UI tradition of GIMPshop. More modifications are possible with the GimPad tool. GimPhoto stands at version 24.1 for Linux and Windows (based on GIMP v2.4.3) and version 26.1 on macOS^[80] (based on GIMP v2.6.8). Installers are included for Windows 7, 8.1, and 10; macOS 10.6+; Ubuntu 14 and Fedora; as well as source code. Only one developer is at work in this project, so fast updates and new versions based on Gimp 2.8.x or 2.9.x are not planned.
• Instrumented GIMP (ingimp): Created at the University of Waterloo to track and report user interaction with the program to generate statistics about how GIMP is used, first released on 5 May 2007. Statistics collected by ingimp were publicly available freely of charge on the project's site after being anonymized.^[81] The ingimp site is no longer functioning as of 2014.
• McGimp: An independent port for macOS that is aim to run GIMP directly on this platform, and integrated multiple plug-ins intended to optimize photos.^[82]

Notable extensions[edit]

GIMP Animation Package (GAP)

A GIMP plug-in for creating animations. GAP can save animations in several formats, including GIF and AVI.^[83] The animation function relies on GIMP's layering and image file name numbering capability. Animations are created either by placing each frame on its own layer (in other words, treating each layer as an animation cel), or by manipulating each numbered file as if it were a frame in the video: moving, rotating, flipping, changing colors, applying filters, etc. to the layers by taking advantage of interpolation within function calls(plug-in usage), within a specified frame range. The resulting project can be saved as an animated GIF or encoded video file. GAP also provides programmed layer transitions, frame rate change, and move paths, allowing the creation of sophisticated animations.^[84]

GIMP Paint Studio (GPS)

A collection of brushes and accompanying tool presets, aimed at artists and graphic designers. It speeds up repetitive tasks and can save tool settings between sessions.^[85]

Resynthesizer

A set of plugins originally developed as part of Paul Harrison's PhD thesis^[86] providing 'context-aware fill' features, including heal selection, heal transparency, uncrop and general resynthesize (the other plugins are user-friendly specialisations of this plugin). The plugin is now maintained by Lloyd Konneker.^[87][88] Some uses for the plugin are creating more of a texture, including creation of tileable textures, removing objects from images for touching up photos, and creating themed images.

G'MIC

An open-source image processing framework has a distribution as a GIMP plugin to provide several hundreds of different filters offering a preview and setting parameters. Has a few powerful denoising filters.^[89]

See also[edit]

About GIMP

About editing

References[edit]

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Further reading[edit]

• Montabone, Sebastian (2010). Beginning Digital Image Processing: Using Free Tools for Photographers. Berkeley, California: Apress. ISBN978-1-4302-2841-7.
• Peck, Akkana (16 December 2008). Beginning GIMP: From Novice to Professional (2nd ed.). Berkeley, California: Apress. ISBN978-1-4302-1070-2.
• Bunks, Carey (15 February 2000). Grokking the GIMP. Indianapolis, Indiana: New Riders Press. ISBN978-0-7357-0924-9. Archived from the original on 17 August 2000. Retrieved 21 December 2013.
• Lecarme, Olivier; Delvare, Karine (January 2013). The Book of GIMP. San Francisco, California: No Starch Press. ISBN978-1-59327-383-5. Retrieved 7 March 2014.

External links[edit]

• Official website
• GIMP at Curlie
• GIMP at Open Hub

Inkscape is a free and open-sourcevector graphics editor. This software can be used to create or edit vector graphics such as illustrations, diagrams, line arts, charts, logos and complex paintings. Inkscape's primary vector graphics format is Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG); however, many other formats can be imported and exported.^[4]

Inkscape can render primitive vector shapes (e.g. rectangles, ellipses, polygons, arcs, spirals, stars and 3D boxes) and text. These objects may be filled with solid colors, patterns, radial or linear color gradients and their borders may be stroked, both with adjustable transparency. Embedding and optional tracing of raster graphics is also supported, enabling the editor to create vector graphics from photos and other raster sources. Created shapes can be further manipulated with transformations, such as moving, rotating, scaling and skewing.

• 2Features

History[edit]

Inkscape began in 2003 as a code fork of the Sodipodi project.^[5] Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (GNOME Illustration Application).^[6]

The Inkscape FAQ interprets the word Inkscape as a compound of ink and scape.^[7][8]

Four former Sodipodi developers (Ted Gould, Bryce Harrington, Nathan Hurst, and MenTaLguY) led the fork; they identified differences over project objectives, openness to third-party contributions, and technical disagreements as their reasons for forking. With Inkscape, they said they would focus development on implementing the complete SVG standard, whereas Sodipodi development emphasized developing a general-purpose vector graphics editor, possibly at the expense of SVG.^[9]

Following the fork, Inkscape's developers changed it greatly: they changed the programming language from C to C++; adopted the GTK+ (formerly GIMP Toolkit) toolkit C++ bindings (gtkmm); redesigned its user interface, and added a number of new features.^[10] Notably, Inkscape's implementation of the SVG standard, although incomplete, has shown gradual improvement.^[11]

Since 2005, Inkscape has participated in the Google Summer of Code program.^[12]

Up until the end of November 2007, Inkscape's source code repository was hosted by SourceForge. Thereafter it moved to Launchpad.^[13] In June 2017, it moved to GitLab.^[14]

Features[edit]

Object creation[edit]

The basic objects in Inkscape are:

• Rectangles & Squares tool: creates rectangles and squares, corners of squares and rectangles can be rounded.
• 3D Boxes tool: creates 3D boxes that have adjustable XYZ perspectives and configurable values for vanishing points. 3D boxes are in fact groups of paths and after ungrouping can be further modified.
• Circles/Ellipses/Arcs tool: circles and ellipses can be transformed into arcs (e.g. open half-circle) and segments (e.g. closed half-circle).
• Stars & Polygons tool: Multi-pointed (3 to 1,024 points) stars with two (base and tip) radius control handles can be used to emulate spirographs. Polygons with one control (base) handle can be used to create items based on the number of sides hexagons, pentagons, etc.
• Spirals tool: creates spirals that have a configurable number of turns (revolutions), divergence (density/sparseness of outer turns), inner radius (roll out from center)
• Pencil tool (Paths): which allows freehand drawing of lines.
• Pen (Bézier) tool (Paths): creates a Bézier node-by-node curve and or line segments in the same path.
• Calligraphy tool (Paths): creates freehand calligraphic or brush-like strokes, optionally the tool can use pressure and tilt readings from a graphics tablet.
• Text tool: creates texts that can use any of the Operating Systems (OS) outline and Unicodefonts including right-to-left scripts. Text conversion to paths, Normal, Bold, Italic, Condensed and Heavy, Alignments (left, right, center, full), Superscript, Subscript, Vertical and Horizontal text are implemented. All text objects can be transformed via Line Spacing, Letter Spacing, Word Spacing, Horizontal Kerning, Vertical Shift and Character Rotation either manually or via menu settings. Text can be put along a path (both text and path remain editable), flowed into a shape or spell checked. Bullet lists, numbered lists, indentations, and underlined text are not available as of version 0.91.
• Spray tool: creates copies or clones of one or several items, select the item(s), then to Spray click on the canvas, move the mouse or scroll the mouse wheel.
• Paint Bucket tool: fills bounded areas of a given object (vector). The Paint Bucket tool works optically rather than geometrically, filling any empty space it can reach, and it can assist with image tracing.
• Connector tool: creates object based connected paths, often used in flow charts, diagrams or schematics.

Additionally, there are more specialized objects:

• Raster graphics: Inkscape supports the export of bitmap images (as PNG images) of the whole drawing (all objects), the current selection, objects within the page outline and custom coordinates. Imports bitmap images, >File >Import allows the user to select either 'embed' or 'link' the image into the file. Pasting (v0.48) images into Inkscape automatically embeds images into the file. Inkscape supports importing and pasting of PNG, JPEG and BMP. Inkscape supports image tracing, the process of extracting vector graphics from raster sources.
• Clones: clones are child objects of an original parent object(s) which can have different transformations applied from those of the parent object. Clones can be created via Copies, the Spray tool or a Menu interface. Transformations include; size, position, rotation, blur, opacity, color and symmetry (layout). Clones are updated live whenever the parent object changes.
• Render >Extensions >Render (menu) feature will render objects onto the canvas, rendering examples include barcodes, calendars, grids, gears, spirographs, spheres and more.
• Symbols >Objects >Symbols (menu) allows copying and pasting symbols from both the document being edited and from symbol libraries, a v0.91 feature.^[15]

Object manipulation[edit]

Every object in the drawing can be subjected to arbitrary affine transformations: moving, rotating, scaling, skewing and a configurable matrix. Transformation parameters can be also specified numerically in the Transform dialog. Transformations can snap to angles, grids, guidelines and nodes of other objects. Grids, guides and snapping properties are defined on a per-document basis. As an alternative to snapping, an Align and Distribute dialog is provided, which can perform common alignment tasks on selected objects: e.g. line them up in a specified direction, space them equally, scatter them at random and remove overlaps between objects.

Objects can be arbitrarily grouped together. Groups of objects behave in many respects like 'atomic' objects: for instance, they can be cloned or assigned a paint. Objects making up a group can be edited without having to ungroup it first, via an Enter Group command: the group can then be edited like a temporary layer.

The Z-order determines the order in which objects are drawn on the canvas. Objects with a high Z-order are drawn last and therefore drawn on top of objects lower in the Z-order. Order of objects can be managed either using layers, or by manually moving the object up and down in the Z-order. Layers can be locked or hidden, preventing modifying and accidental selection.

A special tool, Create Tiled Clones, is provided to create symmetrical or grid-like drawings using various plane symmetries.

Objects can be cut, copied and pasted using a clipboard. However, as of version 0.46, Inkscape uses an internal variable rather than the Operating System clipboard, which limits copy and paste operations to one application instance. Objects can be copied between documents by opening them from the File menu in an already opened window, rather than by opening a second file from the operating system's shell.

Styling objects[edit]

Each object in Inkscape has several designs which determine its style. All of the designs can generally be set for any object:

• Fill: can be a solid color, a pattern, a linear or radial gradient, custom swatch, inherited from a parent object. The color selector has RGBA, HSL, CMYK, Color Wheel, Color Management System (CMS) color options available, but all selected colors are currently converted to RGBA. Gradients can have multiple stops, radial supports optional direct or reflected gradients. All colors can have an alpha value specified. Patterns can be constructed from any collection of objects, or one of the several supplied stock patterns can be used.
• Stroke fill: can have the same values as fill, but is applied to the object's stroke.
• Stroke style: width can be set by 9 different measurement (pixels, inches, meters, etc.) settings; join (corners) styles featured are miter, rounded or bevel joints; cap styles available are butt, round or square; dash strokes of 35 (and custom) styles with configurable offsets are available; markers for start, mid and end of various (over 65) types (arrows, dots, diamonds, etc...) are supported.
• Opacity: specifies alpha value for all fill colors. Each object has a distinct opacity value, which e.g. can be used to make groups transparent.
• Filters: the fill & stroke menu has an easy-to-use slider for Gaussian blur of each object; there are hundreds of categorized filter options under the SVG filters can be constructed using the >Filters menu.

Appearance of objects can be further changed by using masks and clipping paths, which can be created from arbitrary objects, including groups.

The style attributes are 'attached' to the source object, so after cutting/copying an object onto the clipboard, the style's attributes can be pasted to another object.

Operations on paths[edit]

Inkscape has a comprehensive tool set to edit paths, as they are the basic element of a vector file.

• Edit Path by Node tool: allows for the editing of single or multiple paths and or their associated node(s). There are four types of path nodes; Cusp (corner), Smooth, Symmetric and Auto-Smooth. Editing is available for the positioning of nodes and their associated handles (angle and length) for Linear and Bézier paths or Spiro curves. A path segment can also be adjusted by dragging (left click + hold). When multiple nodes are selected, they can be moved, scaled and rotated using keyboard shortcut or mouse controls.^[16] Additional nodes can be inserted into paths at arbitrary or even placements, and an effect can be used to insert nodes at predefined intervals. When nodes are deleted, the handles on remaining ones are adjusted to preserve the original shape as closely as possible.
• Tweak tool (sculpting/painting): provides whole object(s) or node editing regions (parts) of an object. It can push, repel/attract, randomize positioning, shrink/enlarge, rotate, copy/delete selected whole objects. With parts of a path you can push, shrink/enlarge, repel/attract, roughen edges, blur and color. Nodes are dynamically created and deleted when needed while using this tool, so it can also be used on simple paths without pre-processing.
• Path-Offsets; Outset, Inset, Linked or Dynamic: can create a Linked or Dynamic (unlinked) Inset and or an Outset of an existing path which can then be fine tuned using the given Shape or Node tool. Creating a Linked Offset of a path will update whenever the original is modified. Making symmetrical (i.e., picture frame) graphics easier to edit.
• Path-Conversion; Object to Path: conversions of Objects; Shapes (square, circle, etc.) or Text into paths.
• Path-Conversion; Stroke to Path: conversions of the Stroke of a shape to a path.
• Path-Simplify: a given path's node count will reduce while preserving the shape.
• Path-Operations (boolean operations): use of multiple objects to Union, Difference, Intersection, Exclusion, Division and Cut Path.

Inkscape includes a feature called Live Path Effects (LPE), which can apply various modifiers to a path. Envelope Deformation is available via the Path Effects and provides a perspective effect. There are more than a dozen of these live path effects. LPE can be stacked onto a single object and have interactive live on canvas and menu-based editing of the effects.

Performance: New preferences option[edit]

A new option called 'Rendering tile multiplier' was added under Rendering preferences. It can adjust the size of rendering tiles (tiles are portions of canvas area that are calculated in one go). Rendering larger areas with complex content at once requires more computational time, but modern computers come with powerful hardware and many should be up to the task.

Making this value larger can speed up drawing, if you have large areas with complex filters in your drawing or work a lot with high zoom levels on filtered objects. Making the value smaller can make zooming and panning in relevant areas faster on low-end hardware (if there are no large filtered areas on the visible part of the canvas).

The new default value makes your screen consist of about four tiles that are rendered independently if you're not using a hidpi screen (which requires more tiles).

Startup performance[edit]

The first start of Inkscape on Microsoft Windows used to be quite slow, notably because of the time that it used to take to create an index of all fonts available on the system. However, as of fontconfig 2.13.0, the process has been sped up significantly.

Text support[edit]

Inkscape supports text editing for both regular multi-line text (SVG's <text> element) and flowed text (the non-standard <flowRoot> element, formerly proposed for SVG 1.2). As of version 0.47, flowed text is not rendered by other applications, due to a lack of an appropriate parallel <switch> structure in the SVG document. The SVG 1.2 Tiny <textArea> element is not supported. All text is directly editable on canvas. Text rendering is based on the Pango library, which allows Inkscape to support several complex scripts including Hebrew, Arabic, Thai, Tibetan, etc. Kerning and letter-spacing can be adjusted on a per-glyph basis using keyboard shortcuts. Putting text on path is also supported, and both the text and the path remain editable. Inkscape supports italicized and bold, as well as super- and subscript character attributes, but underlining is not yet implemented.

Rendering[edit]

For a long time, unlike many other GTK+ applications, Inkscape used its own rendering library to create graphics, called libnr. From version 0.91 on, Inkscape uses Cairo to render graphics,^[17] which brought a significant increase in rendering speed of the application.

File formats[edit]

Inkscape's primary format is Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) version 1.1, meaning that it can create and edit with the abilities and within the constraints of this format. Any other format must either be imported (converted to SVG) or exported (converted from SVG). The SVG format is using the Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) standard internally. Inkscape's implementation of SVG and CSS standards is incomplete. Most notably, it does not support animation natively.^[18] Inkscape has multilingual support, particularly for complex scripts.

Inkscape can natively import the following formats:

• Raster formats:

It can import the following formats with the aid from extensions:

• Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) (using UniConvertor)
• Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) using Ghostscript
• PostScript (PS) using Ghostscript
• sK1 (SK1) (using UniConvertor)

Inkscape can natively export the following formats:

• Encapsulated PostScript (EPS)
• Flash XML Graphics (FXG)
• Portable Document Format (PDF)
• PostScript (PS) (Level 3 with 0.92+)

Other features[edit]

• XML Editor for direct manipulation of the SVG XML structure
• Editing of Resource Description Framework (RDF), a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) metadata information model
• Command-line interface, exposes format conversion functions and full-featured GUI scripting
• More than sixty interface languages
• Extensible to new file formats, effects and other features
• Mathematical diagramming, with various uses of LaTeX^[19]
• Experimental support for scripting
• lib2Geom is now also external usable. (2Geom is a computational geometry library, originally developed for Inkscape. While developed for Inkscape it is a library that can be used from any application. It provides support for basic geometric algebra, paths, distortions, boolean operations, plotting implicit functions, non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) and more. 2Geom is free software released under LGPL 2.1 or MPL 1.1.) ^[20][21]

Interface and usability[edit]

One of the main priorities of the Inkscape project is interface consistency and usability.^[22] This includes efforts to follow the GNOMEhuman interface guidelines, universal keyboard accessibility, and convenient on-canvas editing. Inkscape has achieved significant progress in usability since the project started.

The number of floating dialog boxes has been reduced, with their functions available using keyboard shortcuts or in the docked toolbars in the editing window. The tool bar controls at the top of the window always display the controls relevant to the current tool.

All vector transformations, scale, rotation and positioning (minus skewing) have keyboard shortcuts with consistent modifiers ( Alt transforms by 1 screen pixel at the current zoom, Shift multiplies the transformation by 10, etc.). These keys work on nodes in Node tool as well as on objects in the Selector Tool. The most common operations (such as transformations, zooming, z-order) have convenient one-key shortcuts.

Inkscape provides mouse over tooltips and status bar hints for all buttons, controls, commands, keys, and on-canvas handles. The status bar hint messages are dynamic: A given object can display up to four hints while editing it with just one tool. The hints update based on two items – the tool being used, and the type of object/node/handle being edited—text, shapes, paths, node types, etc. It comes with a complete keyboard and mouse reference (in HTML and SVG)^[23] and several interactive tutorials in SVG.^[24]

The interface of Sodipodi (Inkscape's predecessor) was based on those of CorelDRAW and GIMP. The Inkscape interface has been influenced by Xara Xtreme.

Platform support[edit]

Download Tutorial Inkscape Bahasa Indonesia Pdf

The latest version of Inkscape is available for Ubuntu, OpenSUSE, Microsoft Windows and macOS platforms.^[25] Both 32-bit and 64-bit versions are available for Windows PCs.

Inkscape on macOS typically runs on XQuartz, although the underlying GTK+ toolkit can be compiled to run natively under Quartz.^[26]

Inkscape is packaged for all major Linux distributions (including Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora, OpenSUSE) with GTK+ 2.20+.

Wacom Tablet support for GTK+ 3 is in a reviving project.^[27]

Main Problems for Transition to GTK+ 3 are no actual support for Windows and some hard Problems in Migration to Version 3.

Release history[edit]

Gallery[edit]

• Cathedral plan

• Gaming console

• Map of Italy in 1796.

• Floral drawing with Inkscape

• Simple Smile created with Inkscape

• Manga drawing created with inkscape

• Raster to vector comparison

• Structure of 6-Acetyldihydromorphine hydrochloride, Cas 63715-94-6.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Inkscape launches versions 0.92.4 and 1.0 alpha!'. The Inkscape Project. 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
2. ^'List of language files at time of release of version 0.92.3 - gitlab.com repository'. Inkscape. 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
3. ^'COPYING in Inkscape source'. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
4. ^'Inkscape Features'. Inkscape.org. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
5. ^'FAQ'. Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
6. ^'Linux.com Interviews Lauris Kaplinski'. Linux.com. 2001-09-24. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
7. ^'FAQ'. Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2016-02-10. What does 'Inkscape' mean? [...] The name is made up of the two English words 'ink' and 'scape'. Ink is a common substance for drawings, and is used when the sketched work is ready to be permanently committed to paper, and thus evokes the idea that Inkscape is ready for production work. A scape is a view of a large number of objects, such as a landscape or ocean-scape, and thus alludes to the object-oriented nature of vector imagery.
8. ^Compare -scape
9. ^'Announcing new project (sodipodi mailing list)'. 2003-11-06. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
10. ^'Inkscape Sodipodi Comparison'. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
11. ^'Frequently asked questions - Inkscape Wiki'. Wiki.inkscape.org. 2012-07-29. Retrieved 2012-11-09.
12. ^'Google's Summer of Code'. Inkscape wiki. Archived from the original on 2007-07-04.
13. ^'Inkscape moving to Launchpad'.
14. ^'Inkscape moves to GitLab'.
15. ^'SymbolsDialog - Inkscape Wiki'. wiki.inkscape.org. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
16. ^'Inkscape Keyboard Layout'. openclipart.org. creative commons. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
17. ^'Release notes/0.91'. Inkscape Wiki. Retrieved 2015-08-15.
18. ^'Animation'. Inkscape. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
19. ^'Extension repository'. Inkscape Wiki. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
20. ^https://github.com/inkscape/lib2geom
21. ^https://inkscape.org/news/2018/11/11/graphics-math-library-2geoms-first-release-availab/
22. ^'Inkscape FAQ, How did Inkscape start?'. Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
23. ^'Inkscape keyboard and mouse reference'. Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
24. ^'Inkscape tutorials web page'. Inkscape Project. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
25. ^Download, Inkscape website
26. ^'Open Source Macintosh Packages'. Flyn Computing. 2006-12-29. Archived from the original on 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
27. ^'Linux Tablet Driver Project Revived Inkscape'.
28. ^'Download Inkscape 0.37 Inkscape'.
29. ^'Download Inkscape 0.38.1 Inkscape'.
30. ^'Download Inkscape 0.39 Inkscape'.
31. ^'Download Inkscape 0.40 Inkscape'.
32. ^'Download Inkscape 0.41 Inkscape'.
33. ^'Download Inkscape 0.42 Inkscape'.
34. ^'Download Inkscape 0.43 Inkscape'.
35. ^'Download Inkscape 0.44.1 Inkscape'.
36. ^'Download Inkscape 0.45.1 Inkscape'.
37. ^'Download Inkscape 0.46 Inkscape'.
38. ^'Download Inkscape 0.47 Inkscape'.
39. ^'Download Inkscape 0.48 Inkscape'.
40. ^'Download Inkscape 0.48.1 Inkscape'.
41. ^'Download Inkscape 0.48.2 Inkscape'.
42. ^'Download Inkscape 0.48.3.1 Inkscape'.
43. ^'Download Inkscape 0.48.4 Inkscape'.
44. ^'Download Inkscape 0.48.5 Inkscape'.
45. ^'Inkscape Version 0.91 is Released!'. inkscape.org.
46. ^'Release notes for 0.91'. wiki.inkscape.org.
47. ^'Download Inkscape 0.91 Inkscape'.
48. ^'Inkscape Version 0.92 is Released!'. inkscape.org.
49. ^'Release notes for 0.92'. wiki.inkscape.org.
50. ^'Download Inkscape 0.92.1 Inkscape'.
51. ^'Inkscape 0.92.2 Delivers Greater Stability and Easier Contributions Inkscape'.
52. ^'Download Inkscape 0.92.2 Inkscape'.
53. ^Developers, Inkscape Website. 'Announcing the 0.92.3 Release of Inkscape - Inkscape'. inkscape.org. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
54. ^'Download Inkscape 0.92.3 Inkscape'.
55. ^'Inkscape launches versions 0.92.4 and 1.0 alpha!'. The Inkscape Project. 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
56. ^'Download Inkscape 0.92.4 Inkscape'.
57. ^'Roadmap - Inkscape Wiki'.
58. ^'Notice of removal of GTK+ 2 support - Inkscape Wiki'.
59. ^'GTK+ 3 migration - Inkscape Wiki'.
60. ^'GTK+ 3 issues - Inkscape Wiki'., no uniconverter support with less Import filters
61. ^https://inkscape.org/de/release/inkscape-1.0/?latest=1
62. ^https://inkscape.org/de/release/inkscape-1.0alpha0/
63. ^http://wiki.inkscape.org/wiki/index.php/Release_notes/1.0

Further reading[edit]

• Benjamin, Donna (February 22, 2010). Beginning Inkscape (1st ed.). Apress. p. 400. ISBN978-1-4302-2513-3.
• Kirsanov, Dmitry (September 29, 2009). The Book of Inkscape: The Definitive Guide to the Free Graphics Editor (1st ed.). No Starch Press. p. 476. ISBN978-1-59327-181-7.
• Bah, Tavmjong (May 6, 2011). Inkscape: Guide to a Vector Drawing Program (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 504. ISBN978-0-13-705173-1.

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Inkscape Keyboard Layout - on Open Clipart